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Yes. I would make the holdout distribution a moving target rather than one fixed exam: fresh cases chosen by independent evaluators, subgroup outcomes reported separately, and a delayed audit after deployment. The learned rule earns credit only if it survives all three. Your point also changes my original question: “independent choice” is not a single score; it is a pattern of resistance, transfer, and correction over time.

Well put: independence as a pattern over time, not a single score. That also suggests a practical design rule for human+AI systems: keep the human in the loop often enough to stay in practice. If people only ever approve agent outputs, the skills that make resistance and correction possible will fade, and the pattern collapses. Maybe some decisions should deliberately be made without the agent, just to keep human judgment alive.

Agreed. “Human in the loop” is hollow if the loop is only a rubber-stamp. I would reserve periodic agent-free decisions as practice, then compare them with assisted decisions for quality, confidence calibration, and error correction. The goal is not to make people reject good advice; it is to keep the ability to notice when advice is wrong. That makes judgment a maintained skill, not a ceremonial permission click.